Remove constant data

Some datasets contain constant columns (columns with the same values across all rows), and/or empty rows and columns (rows or columns where all values are missing i.e NA). The remove_constants() function can be used to remove such “noise”. The function takes the following argument:

1. data: the input data frame or linelist,
2. cutoff: a numeric, between 0 and 1, to be used when removing empty rows and columns. When provided, only rows and columns where the percent of missing data is greater than this cut-off will removed. Rows and columns with 100% missing values will be remove by default.

The remove_constants() function returns a dataset where all constant columns, empty rows and columns are iteratively removed. Note that when the first iteration of constant data removal results in a dataset with new empty rows and/or columns and constant columns, this process will be carried on several times until there is no more constant data. Rows and columns that were deleted at any iterations will be reported in the report object.

Cleaning column names

The syntax used to name the columns of a dataset during its creation depends on many factors such as the language, the naming convention, etc. We provide, in {cleanepi}, the standardize_column_names() function to clean up column names and convert them to more intuitive formats. It performs many sub-tasks including: replacing a space, dot, or hyphen between two words with underscore; converting camel-cases to snake-cases; substituting foreign characters with their corresponding English characters; and splitting along word into multiple short words by capital characters within, if any, and connecting them with underscores. The function can take the following arguments:

1. data: the input data frame or linelist
2. keep: a vector of column names to maintain as they are. When dealing with a linelist, this can be set to linelist_tags, to maintain the tagged column names. The Default is NULL.
3. rename: a vector of column names to be renamed in the form of new_name = "old_name". If not provided, all columns will undergo standardization.

# IMPORT AND PRINT THE INITAL COLUMN NAMES
data <- readRDS(system.file("extdata", "test_df.RDS", package = "cleanepi"))
print(colnames(data))
col_name_cleaning [1] "study_id"                     "event_name"                  
col_name_cleaning [3] "country_code"                 "country_name"                
col_name_cleaning [5] "date.of.admission"            "dateOfBirth"                 
col_name_cleaning [7] "date_first_pcr_positive_test" "sex"

# KEEP 'date.of.admission' AS IS
cleaned_data <- standardize_column_names(
  data = data,
  keep = "date.of.admission"
)
print(colnames(data))
col_name_cleaning [1] "study_id"                     "event_name"                  
col_name_cleaning [3] "country_code"                 "country_name"                
col_name_cleaning [5] "date.of.admission"            "dateOfBirth"                 
col_name_cleaning [7] "date_first_pcr_positive_test" "sex"

# KEEP 'date.of.admission' AS IS, BUT RENAME 'dateOfBirth' AND 'sex' TO
# 'DOB' AND 'gender' RESPECTIVELY
cleaned_data <- standardize_column_names(
  data = data,
  keep = "date.of.admission",
  rename = c(DOB = "dateOfBirth", gender = "sex")
)
print(colnames(data))
col_name_cleaning [1] "study_id"                     "event_name"                  
col_name_cleaning [3] "country_code"                 "country_name"                
col_name_cleaning [5] "date.of.admission"            "dateOfBirth"                 
col_name_cleaning [7] "date_first_pcr_positive_test" "sex"

By providing the function with these parameters, the users can redefine the name of the columns and get easy to work with column names. This enables a more comprehensive naming system that is tailored to the needs of the user.

Replacing missing entries with NA

It is common to have missing values in an input dataset. By default, R expects missing values to be represented by NA, However, this is not always the case as some dataset can contain a specific character string that denotes the missing value. In the presence of such a scenario, user can call the replace_missing_values() function to substitute these missing values with NA. This will make the data suitable for any data science operations. The function takes the following arguments:

1. data: the input data frame or linelist.
2. target_columns: a vector of column names. If provided, the substitution of missing values will only be executed in those specified columns. When the input data is a linelist object, this parameter can be set to linelist_tags if you wish to replace missing values with NA on tagged columns only. The default value NULL i.e. replace missing values across all columns.
3. na_strings: a vector of character strings that represents the missing values in the columns of interest. By default, it utilizes cleanepi::common_na_strings. However, if the missing values string in the columns of interest is not included in this predefined vector, it can be used as the value for this argument.

# VISUALIZE THE PREDEFINED VECTOR OF MISSING CHARACTERS
print(cleanepi::common_na_strings)
default_missing_values  [1] "missing"       "NA"            "N A"           "N/A"          
default_missing_values  [5] "#N/A"          "NA "           " NA"           "N /A"         
default_missing_values  [9] "N / A"         " N / A"        "N / A "        "na"           
default_missing_values [13] "n a"           "n/a"           "na "           " na"          
default_missing_values [17] "n /a"          "n / a"         " a / a"        "n / a "       
default_missing_values [21] "NULL"          "null"          ""              "\\?"          
default_missing_values [25] "\\*"           "\\."           "not available" "Not Available"
default_missing_values [29] "NOt available" "not avail"     "Not Avail"     "nan"          
default_missing_values [33] "NAN"           "not a number"  "Not A Number"

# REPLACE ALL OCCURENCES OF "-99" WITH NA IN THE "sex" COLUMN
cleaned_data <- replace_missing_values(
  data = readRDS(system.file("extdata", "test_df.RDS", package = "cleanepi")),
  target_columns = "sex",
  na_strings = "-99"
)

# REPLACE ALL OCCURENCES OF "-99" WITH NA FROM ALL COLUMNS
cleaned_data <- replace_missing_values(
  data = readRDS(system.file("extdata", "test_df.RDS", package = "cleanepi")),
  target_columns = NULL,
  na_strings = "-99"
)

Standardizing Dates

The default date format in R is Ymd (the ISO8601 format). However, it is very common to encounter date values that are written differently from this. Also, there are cases where a column in a data frame contains both values of type Date, character or others.

The standardize_dates() function provides a comprehensive set of options for converting date columns into a specified format and handling various scenarios, such as different date formats and mixed data types in a column.

Entries which cannot be processed result in NA. An error threshold can be used to define the maximum number of resulting NA (i.e. entries without an identified date) that can be tolerated. If this threshold is exceeded, the original vector is returned.

The function expects the following arguments:

1. data: A data frame or linelist (required).
   
2. target_columns: A vector of the names of the columns to be converted (optional). When not provided, the function will attempt to detect date columns and perform the conversion if needed.
3. format: A format of the values in the specified columns (optional). If not provided, the function will attempt to infer the format.
4. timeframe: The expected time frame within which the date values should fall. Values outside of this range will be set to NA (optional).
5. error_tolerance: The maximum percentage of NA values (non date values) that can be allowed in a converted column. Default is 40% i.e. 0.4.
6. orders: A character vector or list of codes for fine-grained parsing of dates. It is used for parsing of mixed dates. If a list is supplied, that list will be used for successive tries in parsing. Default is:

orders <- list(
  quarter_partial_dates = c("Y", "Ym", "Yq"),
  world_digit_months = c("ymd", "ydm", "dmy", "mdy", "myd", "dym", "Ymd", "Ydm",
                         "dmY", "mdY", "mYd", "dYm"),
  world_named_months = c("dby", "dyb", "bdy", "byd", "ybd", "ydb", "dbY", "dYb",
                         "bdY", "bYd", "Ybd", "Ydb"),
  us_format = c("Omdy", "YOmd")
)

⚠️ The error_tolerance must be used with caution. When it is set, and the percentage of non-date values (NA i.e. values that were not converted into date) in a character column is greater than this threshold, the column will be returned as it is. The values outside of this timeframe can be accessed from the report object via it out_of_range_dates element.

The value for the orders argument can be modified to suit the user’s needs. Other date formats can be specified too. For instance, if you want to prioritize American-style dates with numeric months, you can switch the second and third elements of the default orders as shown below:

# GIVE PRIORITY TO AMERICAN-STYLE DATES
us_ord <- orders[c(1L, 3L, 2L)]

# ADD A FORMAT WITH HOURS TO THE EXISTING orders
# THIS WILL ALLOW FOR THE CONVERSION OF VALUES SUCH AS "2014_04_05_23:15:43"
# WHEN THEY APPEAR IN THE TARGET COLUMNS.
orders$ymdhms <- c("Ymdhms", "Ymdhm")

This function provides users with the flexibility to standardize date columns in their dataset according to specified requirements, including format, timeframe, and error tolerance for conversion from character to date columns.

# STANDARDIZE VALUES IN THE 'date_first_pcr_positive_test' COLUMN
test_data <- readRDS(
  system.file("extdata", "test_df.RDS", package = "cleanepi")
)

head(test_data$date_first_pcr_positive_test)
date_standardisation [1] "Dec 01, 2020" "Jan 01, 2021" "Feb 11, 2021" "Feb 01, 2021" "Feb 16, 2021"
date_standardisation [6] "May 02, 2021"

res <- standardize_dates(
  data = test_data,
  target_columns = "date_first_pcr_positive_test",
  format = NULL,
  timeframe = NULL,
  error_tolerance = 0.4,
  orders = list(
    world_named_months = c("Ybd", "dby"),
    world_digit_months = c("dmy", "Ymd"),
    US_formats = c("Omdy", "YOmd")
  )
)

This function returns the input dataset where the (specified) columns are converted into Date if the condition is met.

It also adds two or three elements to the report object:

• A data frame with the columns where date values were standardized,
• A data frame with the values that fall outside of the specified timeframe,
• A data frame featuring date values that can comply with more than one specified format.

Standardizing subject IDs

# DETECT AND REMOVE INCORRECT SUBJECT IDs
res <- check_subject_ids(
  data = readRDS(system.file("extdata", "test_df.RDS", package = "cleanepi")),
  target_columns = "study_id",
  prefix = "PS",
  suffix = "P2",
  range = c(1L, 100L),
  nchar = 7L
)
subject_ids_standardisation Warning: Detected incorrect subject ids at lines: 3, 5, 7
subject_ids_standardisation Use the correct_subject_ids() function to adjust them.

# EXTRACT REPORT
report <- attr(res, "report")

# SUMMARIZE THE REPORT OBJECT
summary(report)
subject_ids_standardisation                      Length Class      Mode
subject_ids_standardisation incorrect_subject_id 2      data.frame list

# IMPORT THE INPUT DATA
data <- readRDS(system.file("extdata", "test_df.RDS", package = "cleanepi"))

# GENERATE THE CORRECTION TABLE
correction_table <- data.frame(
  from = c("P0005P2", "PB500P2", "PS004P2-1"),
  to = c("PB005P2", "PB050P2", "PS004P2"),
  stringsAsFactors = FALSE
)

# PERFORM THE CORRECTION
dat <- correct_subject_ids(
  data = data,
  target_columns = "study_id",
  correction_table = correction_table
)

Checking date sequence

The check_date_sequence() function verifies the order of sequences in date event columns within a dataset. It ensures that the values in the specified date columns follow the desired chronological order. Here are the arguments accepted by the function:

1. data: A data frame or linelist (required).
2. target_columns: A vector containing the names of the date columns of interest. These columns should be listed in the expected order of occurrence, reflecting the chronological sequence of events. For example, target_columns = c("date_of_infection", "date_of_admission", "date_of_death").

By utilizing these arguments, the check_date_sequence() function facilitates the validation of date sequences within a dataset, ensuring data integrity and accuracy for further analysis. Additionally, it offers flexibility by allowing users to choose whether to remove rows with incorrect sequences or store them for further examination in the report object.

# DETECT ROWS WITH INCORRECT DATE SEQUENCE
res <- check_date_sequence(
  data = readRDS(system.file("extdata", "test_df.RDS", package = "cleanepi")),
  target_columns = c("date_first_pcr_positive_test", "date.of.admission")
)
check_date_order Warning: Detected 10 incorrect date sequences at line(s): 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
check_date_order 8, 9, 10

# EXTRACT THE REPORT
report <- attr(res, "report")

# SUMMARIZE THE REPORT OBJECT
summary(report)
check_date_order                         Length Class      Mode
check_date_order incorrect_date_sequence 2      data.table list

The check_date_sequence() function returns the input dataset, augmented with an attributes named as incorrect_date_sequence if there are rows with incorrect date sequences. This attribute highlights any discrepancies found in the date sequences, enabling users to take appropriate actions. Use the print_report() function to display the report made from this operation.

Converting character columns into numeric

In certain scenarios, the input data contains columns where the number are written in letters. For instance, the ages of a study participants can be written in letters. Similarly, a column can contain values written in both numbers and letters (an age column where some values are written in numbers and others in letters). The convert_to_numeric() function offers the framework to convert all numbers written in letters from a given column into numeric. It takes the following arguments:

1. data: A data frame or linelist (required).
2. target_columns: A vector containing the names of the columns of interest. When dealing with a linelist, this can be set to linelist_tags if the tagged columns are the one to be converted into numeric. When target_columns = NULL, the function uses the output form the scan_data() function to identify the columns where the proportion of numeric values is at least twice as the percentage of character values. Those columns will be the columns of interest and the character values in them will be converted into numeric. Note that any string in such column that can not be converted into numeric will be set to NA in the resulting data.
3. lang: A character string with language to be used when performing the conversion. Currently one of "en", "fr", or "es".

# CONVERT THE 'age' COLUMN IN THE TEST LINELIST DATA
dat <- readRDS(system.file("extdata", "messy_data.RDS", package = "cleanepi"))
head(dat$age, 10L)
check_date_order  [1] "37"           "seventy-four" "17"           "3"            "37"          
check_date_order  [6] NA             "6"            "26"           "eleven"       "44"
dat <- convert_to_numeric(
  data = dat,
  target_columns = "age",
  lang = "en"
)
head(dat$age, 10L)
check_date_order  [1] 37 74 17  3 37 NA  6 26 11 44

Converting numeric values into date

Some columns in a data frame might contain numeric values that represents the number of days elapsed between two events. For instance, the recruitment day of individuals in a study can be stored as a numeric column where the numeric values are the count of days between when they are recruited and when there were admitted in the hospital. The actual dates when the individuals were recruited can be retrieved using the convert_numeric_to_date() function. This function can take the following parameters:

1. data: the input data frame or linelist.
2. target_columns: a vector or a comma-separated list of columns names to be converted from numeric to date. When the input data is a linelist object, this parameter can be set to linelist_tags if tagged variables are the target columns.
3. ref_date: a reference date
4. forward: a Boolean that indicates whether the counts started after the reference date (TRUE) or not (FALSE). The default is TRUE.

data <- readRDS(system.file("extdata", "test_df.RDS", package = "cleanepi")) %>%
  standardize_dates(target_columns = "date.of.admission")

# CREATE THE RECRUITMENT DATE COLUMNS
data$recruitment_date <- sample(20:50, nrow(data), replace = FALSE)

# RETRIVE THE DATE INDIVIDUALS WERE RECRUITED
data <- convert_numeric_to_date(
  data = data,
  target_columns = "recruitment_date",
  ref_date = "date.of.admission",
  forward = TRUE
)

# RETRIVE THE DATE INDIVIDUALS WERE RECRUITED
data <- convert_numeric_to_date(
  data = data,
  target_columns = "recruitment_date",
  ref_date = as.Date("2019-10-13"),
  forward = FALSE
)

The function returns the input data where the values in the target columns(s) are converted into Date. This enables the usage of {cleanepi}’s functions that operates on Date columns as well as the powerful functions that can be used to manipulate Dates from the {base} R or {lubridate} packages.

Finding duplicated rows

The find_duplicates() function serves the purpose of identifying duplicated rows within a given dataset. It accepts the following parameters:

1. data: The input data frame or linelist.
2. target_columns: A vector containing either column names or column indices from which duplicated rows will be identified. If NULL is passed, duplicates will be detected across all columns of the dataset. Notably, if the input dataset is a linelist object, target_columns can be set to linelist_tags specifically to identify duplicates across the tagged variables only.

By leveraging the find_duplicates() function with appropriate parameters, users can efficiently pinpoint duplicated rows within their datasets, either across all columns or selectively across tagged variables in a linelist object.

# IMPORT A `linelist` DATA
data <- readRDS(
  system.file("extdata", "test_linelist.RDS", package = "cleanepi")
)

# SHOW THE TAGGED VARIABLES
linelist::tags(data)
$date_onset
[1] "dt_onset"

$date_reporting
[1] "dt_report"

$gender
[1] "sex"

$outcome
[1] "outcome"

# FIND DUPLICATES ACROSS ALL COLUMNS EXCEPT THE SUBJECT IDs COLUMN
all_columns <- names(data)
target_columns <- all_columns[all_columns != "id"]
dups <- find_duplicates(
  data = data,
  target_columns = target_columns
)
No duplicates were found.

# FIND DUPLICATES ACROSS TAGGED VARIABLES
dups <- find_duplicates(
  data = data,
  target_columns = "linelist_tags"
)
Found 57 duplicated rows in the dataset. Please consult the report for more details.

Upon execution, the find_duplicates() function identifies all duplicated rows either based on all columns or those specified, and stores them in the report. In addition to the existing columns, it appends two extra columns to the dataset:

1. row_id: Contains indexes of the duplicated rows from the original input dataset.
2. group_id: Contains unique identifiers assigned to each duplicated group, which is defined as a set of rows sharing identical values in the designated columns of interest.

By including these extra columns, users gain insights into the specific rows identified as duplicates and their corresponding group identifiers, enabling efficient analysis and management of duplicated data within the dataset.

# VISUALIZE THE DUPLICATES
report <- attr(dups, "report")
duplicates <- report$duplicated_rows
duplicates %>%
  kableExtra::kbl() %>%
  kableExtra::kable_paper("striped", font_size = 14, full_width = FALSE) %>%
  kableExtra::scroll_box(height = "200px", width = "100%",
                         box_css = "border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 5px; ",
                         extra_css = NULL,
                         fixed_thead = TRUE)

Removing duplicates

To eliminate duplicated rows from a dataset, the remove_duplicates() function can be employed. This function internally utilizes the find_duplicates() function and expects the following parameters:

1. data: A data frame or linelist from which duplicated rows will be removed.
2. target_columns: A vector containing either column names or indices specifying the columns from which duplicated rows will be identified. If set to NULL, the function will detect duplicates across all columns. If the input dataset is a linelist object, setting this parameter to linelist_tags will identify duplicates across the tagged variables only.

# REMOVE DUPLICATE ACROSS TAGGED COLUMNS ONLY.
res <- remove_duplicates(
  data = readRDS(
    system.file("extdata", "test_linelist.RDS", package = "cleanepi")
  ),
  target_columns = "linelist_tags"
)
#> Found 57 duplicated rows in the dataset. Please consult the report for more details.

Upon execution, the remove_duplicates() function returns the input dataset without duplicated rows removed (if found). The details about the duplicates removal operation are stored in the report object that is attached to the output object. When duplicates are found, this report will contain the following elements:

• duplicated_rows: A data frame with the detected duplicates.
• removed_duplicates: A data frame with the duplicated rows that have been removed.
• duplicates_checked_from: A vector of column names from which duplicates were identified.

By examining these elements within the report, users gain insights into the specific duplicated rows, those that were removed, and the columns used to identify the duplicates, thus facilitating transparency and documentation of the duplicates removal process.

# ACCESS THE REPORT
report <- attr(res, "report")

# SUMMARIZE THE REPORT OBJECT
summary(report)
                        Length Class      Mode     
duplicated_rows         6      grouped_df list     
duplicates_checked_from 1      -none-     character
removed_duplicates      5      grouped_df list     

Use the print_report() function to display the report made from this operation.

The output from find_duplicates() function can also be passed to remove_duplicates() function to specify which duplicated rows to be removed.

# DETECT DUPLICATES FROM TAGGED COLUMNS
dups <- find_duplicates(
  data = readRDS(
    system.file("extdata", "test_linelist.RDS", package = "cleanepi")
  ),
  target_columns = "linelist_tags"
)
find_and_remove_dups Found 57 duplicated rows in the dataset. Please consult the report for more details.

# EXTRACT THE DUPLICATES
report <- attr(dups, "report")
duplicates <- report$duplicated_rows

# REMOVE FIRST OCCURRENCE OF DUPLICATED ROWS
dups_index_to_remove <- duplicates[["row_id"]][seq(1L, nrow(dups), 2L)]
dups_index_to_remove <- dups_index_to_remove[!is.na(dups_index_to_remove)]
no_dups <- data[-dups_index_to_remove, ]

Dictionary based data substituting

The clean_using_dictionary() function offers a convenient way to replace the options in a data frame or linelist with their corresponding values stored in a data dictionary. The function expects the following arguments:

1. data: The input data frame or linelist that contains the options to be replaced.
2. dictionary: The data dictionary in a form of a data frame that contains the complete labels for these options. The structure of this data dictionary file should adhere to the standards expected by the matchmaker package, as the clean_using_dictionary() function relies on functions from this package.

The add_to_dictionary() function is a useful tool for expanding the coverage of a data dictionary by defining options that are present in the input data but not originally included in the dictionary. This function enables users to dynamically update the dictionary to accommodate new values encountered in the dataset. In addition to the current data dictionary the function takes the arguments defined below:

option, value, grp, order: the values for the options to be added in the data dictionary. The example below shows how this function is used.

By employing the add_to_dictionary() function, users can ensure that the data dictionary remains comprehensive and aligned with the evolving nature of the input dataset, thereby enhancing the accuracy and completeness of data interpretation and analysis. In the example below, we add -99 to our test data dictionary, test_dictionary.

# READING IN THE DATA
data <- readRDS(
  system.file("extdata", "test_df.RDS", package = "cleanepi")
)

# ADD THE EXTRA OPTION TO THE DICTIONARY
dictionary <- add_to_dictionary(
  dictionary = dictionary,
  option = "-99",
  value = "unknow",
  grp = "sex",
  order = NULL
)

# PERFORM THE DICTIONARY-BASED SUBSTITUTION
cleaned_df <- clean_using_dictionary(
  data = data,
  dictionary = dictionary
)

Calculating time span in different time scales (“years”, “months”, “weeks”, or “days”)

The timespan() function computes the time span between two elements of type Date. The resulting time span can be expressed in “years”, “months”, “weeks”, or “days”, depending on the user-specified unit. The functions can take the following arguments:

1. data: The input dataset (required).
2. target_column: A string with the name of the target column (require). The values in this column are expected to be in the form of Ymd i.e. 2024-01-31. The time span will calculated between these values and the end_date defined below.
3. end_date: it can be either a character that is the name of another column of type Date from the input data or a vector of Date values or a single Date value (required). This should also be in the ISO8601 format (“2024-01-31”) and its default value is today’s date Sys.Date().
4. span_unit: This parameter determines the unit in which the time span is expressed (required). It can be calculated in “years”, “months”, “weeks”, or “days”. By default, the time span is calculated in “years” if this parameter is not provided.
5. span_column_name: A string for the name of the column added to the input data. The default is span.
6. span_remainder_unit: A parameter used to determine the unit in which the remainder of the time span calculation will be returned. The possible units are: “days” or “weeks” or “months”. By default, the function returns decimal age i.e. span_remainder_unit = NULL.

With these arguments, the function offers flexibility in determining the time span in different units. It facilitates various analytics tasks where the time span computation is a necessary component, providing users with the ability to customize the output according to their specific requirements.

# IMPORT DATA, REPLACE MISSING VALUES WITH 'NA' & STANDARDIZE DATES
data <- readRDS(system.file("extdata", "test_df.RDS", package = "cleanepi")) %>%
  replace_missing_values(
    target_columns = "dateOfBirth",
    na_strings = "-99"
  ) %>%
  standardize_dates(
    target_columns = "dateOfBirth",
    error_tolerance = 0.0,
    format = "%m/%d/%Y" # nolint: nonportable_path_linter.
  )
#> Warning: Using %m/%d/%Y to standardize target columns...

# CALCULATE INDIVIDUAL AGE IN YEARS FROM THE 'dateOfBirth' COLUMN AND SEND THE
# REMAINDER IN MONTHS
age <- timespan(
  data = data,
  target_column = "dateOfBirth",
  end_date = Sys.Date(),
  span_unit = "years",
  span_column_name = "age_in_years",
  span_remainder_unit = "months"
)

# CALCULATE THE TIME SPAN IN YEARS BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS 'dateOfBirth' AND THE DAY
# THEY TESTED POSITIVE
data <- readRDS(system.file("extdata", "test_df.RDS", package = "cleanepi"))
data <- data %>%
  replace_missing_values(
    target_columns = "dateOfBirth",
    na_strings = "-99"
  ) %>%
  standardize_dates(
    target_columns = c("date_first_pcr_positive_test", "date.of.admission"),
    error_tolerance = 0.0,
    format = NULL
  ) %>%
  timespan(
    target_column = "date.of.admission",
    end_date = "date_first_pcr_positive_test",
    span_unit = "years",
    span_column_name = "elapsed_time",
    span_remainder_unit = NULL
  )

The timespan() function augments the input dataset by adding one or two extra columns containing age-related information. These additional columns are as follows:

1. Calculated time span in the specified scale: Contains the calculated time span in the specified unit (“years”, “months”, “weeks”, or “days”).

2. Remaining number of days: Indicates the remaining number of “days” or “weeks” or “months” after calculating the time span, representing the fractional part of the time span calculation. This column is included if needed, and provides additional granularity in the time span representation.

Printing the report

print_report(
  data = data,
  report_title = "{cleanepi} data cleaning report",
  output_directory = ".",
  output_filename = "cleaning_report",
  format = "html",
  print = TRUE
)